Linganisha mbinu

	Uchambuzi wa Sehemu ya Kuvunjika	Hitilafu Sanifu Zinazostahimili Heteroscedasticity (HC)
Nyanja	Takwimu	Takwimu
Familia	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1983	1980
Mwanzilishi	Hampel (1971); Donoho & Huber (1983)	Eicker; Huber; White (1980); MacKinnon & White (1985)
Aina	Robustness diagnostic for estimators	Robust covariance estimator for linear regression
Chanzo asilia	Donoho, D. L. & Huber, P. J. (1983). The Notion of Breakdown Point. In A Festschrift for Erich L. Lehmann (pp. 157-184). Wadsworth.	White, H. (1980). A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity. Econometrica, 48(4), 817-838.
Majina mbadala	breakdown point, finite-sample breakdown point, robustness breakdown analysis, Bozunma Noktası Analizi	robust standard errors, White standard errors, Huber-Eicker-White standard errors, sandwich standard errors
Zinazohusiana	5	5
Muhtasari	Breakdown point analysis quantifies the fraction of outliers an estimator can tolerate before it produces meaningless results. Formalised by Hampel (1971) and Donoho and Huber (1983), it is the standard tool for comparing the robustness of competing estimators.	Heteroscedasticity-robust standard errors are a correction to the covariance matrix of an OLS regression that yields valid inference when the error variance is not constant. Introduced by Halbert White in 1980 and refined into the finite-sample variants HC1-HC4 by MacKinnon and White in 1985, they leave the coefficient estimates unchanged but rebuild the standard errors so that t and F tests remain trustworthy under heteroscedasticity.