Linganisha mbinu

	Atomic Force Microscopy	Nanoindentation
Nyanja	Sayansi ya Vifaa	Sayansi ya Vifaa
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1986	1992
Mwanzilishi	Gerd Binnig	Warren Oliver
Aina	Imaging technique	Measurement method
Chanzo asilia	Binnig, G., Quate, C. F., & Gerber, C. (1986). Atomic force microscope. Physical Review Letters, 56(9), 930-933.	Oliver, W. C., & Pharr, G. M. (1992). An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. Journal of Materials Research, 7(6), 1564-1583.
Majina mbadala	AFM, scanning probe microscopy, nanoindentation microscopy	nanoindentation, instrumented indentation, depth-sensing indentation
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a scanning probe technique that measures nanoscale surface topography and mechanical properties by monitoring interactions between a sharp cantilever tip and a sample surface. Invented by Gerd Binnig in 1986 as an extension of scanning tunneling microscopy, AFM requires neither electrical conductivity nor vacuum operation, making it applicable to virtually any material. It provides three-dimensional topographic maps with sub-nanometer vertical resolution and lateral resolution approaching nanometers, along with simultaneous measurements of mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties.	Nanoindentation, or instrumented indentation, is a technique for measuring the hardness and elastic modulus of materials by pressing a hard probe into a sample surface and continuously recording load and penetration depth. Developed by Oliver and Pharr in 1992, nanoindentation enables measurement of mechanical properties of thin films, small volumes, and nanoscale structures with spatial resolution approaching micrometers. It is the standard tool in materials science for characterizing coatings, interfaces, and mechanical properties at the submicron scale.