Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Kipimo cha Utambulisho wa Kimichezo (AIMS)× | Maswali ya Uthabiti wa Akili (MTQ48)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Saikolojia ya Michezo | Saikolojia ya Michezo |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1993 | 2002 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Britton Brewer, Jean Van Raalte, Diane Linder | Peter Clough, Keith Earle, David Sewell |
| Aina≠ | Self-report athletic identity questionnaire | Self-report mental toughness and resilience questionnaire |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Brewer, B. W., Van Raalte, J. L., & Linder, D. E. (1993). Athletic identity: Hercules' muscles or Achilles' heel? International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24(2), 237–254. link ↗ | Clough, P. J., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: A definition and measured construct. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 169–187. link ↗ |
| Majina mbadala≠ | AIMS, Athletic Identity | MTQ48, Mental Toughness, 4Cs |
| Zinazohusiana | 4 | 4 |
| Muhtasari≠ | The AIMS is a 10-item questionnaire assessing the degree to which being an athlete is central to an individual's self-concept and identity. Developed by Brewer, Van Raalte, and Linder in 1993, the AIMS has become the standard instrument for measuring athletic identity and is widely used to predict athlete coping responses to injury, career transitions, and retirement. | The MTQ48 is a 48-item instrument measuring mental toughness—the capacity to perform well under pressure, persist through adversity, maintain emotional control, and sustain commitment toward goals. Developed by Clough, Earle, and Sewell in 2002, the MTQ48 operationalizes mental toughness across four dimensions (the '4Cs': Control, Commitment, Challenge, and Confidence) and has become widely adopted in sport psychology, talent development, and organizational psychology for identifying and developing psychological resilience. |
| ScholarGateSeti ya data ↗ |
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