Comparar métodos

	Variáveis Instrumentais na Pesquisa em Educação	Propensity Score Matching
Área	Inferência causal	Estatística para pesquisa
Família	Regression model	Process / pipeline
Ano de origem	1991 (canonical education application)	1983
Autor original	Angrist & Krueger (canonical 1991 education application); grounded in IV theory by Wright (1928)	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
Tipo	Quasi-experimental causal identification	Method
Fonte seminal	Angrist, J. D., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Does Compulsory School Attendance Affect Schooling and Earnings? Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(4), 979-1014.	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
Outros nomes	IV in education, 2SLS in education, education IV, school IV estimation	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
Relacionados	5	3
Resumo	Instrumental variables (IV) estimation is a quasi-experimental strategy for isolating the causal effect of schooling or educational interventions when assignment to treatment is confounded by unobserved factors. Pioneered in education economics by Angrist and Krueger's use of quarter-of-birth as an instrument for compulsory schooling, IV finds a source of exogenous variation in exposure to education and uses only that variation to estimate outcomes such as earnings, test scores, or attainment.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.