Methoden vergelijken

	Fourier Fixed Effects Model	Fourier Panel Data Analysis
Vakgebied	Econometrie	Econometrie
Familie	Regression model	Regression model
Jaar van ontstaan	2006–2012	2006 (Fourier framework); panel extensions 2010s
Grondlegger	Enders & Lee (building on Becker, Enders & Lee framework)	Becker, Enders, and Lee (Fourier unit root framework); extended to panel data by subsequent applied econometricians
Type	Panel regression with Fourier terms	Panel regression with Fourier terms
Oorspronkelijke bron	Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2012). A unit root test using a Fourier series to approximate smooth breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 74(4), 574–599.	Becker, R., Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2006). A stationary test in the presence of an unknown number of smooth breaks. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 27(3), 381-409.
Aliassen	Fourier FE model, Fourier panel fixed effects, trigonometric fixed effects regression, smooth structural break fixed effects	Fourier panel regression, smooth structural break panel model, trigonometric panel data model, Fourier-flexible panel estimator
Verwant	6	6
Samenvatting	The Fourier fixed effects model extends standard panel fixed effects regression by augmenting the specification with low-frequency Fourier (trigonometric) terms. These sine and cosine components approximate unknown, smooth structural shifts in the time trend without requiring the researcher to pre-specify break dates, combining within-unit identification with flexible trend modelling.	Fourier panel data analysis embeds trigonometric sine and cosine terms into a standard panel regression to approximate smooth, gradual structural shifts in the data-generating process. Rather than assuming a sharp break at a known date, the Fourier approach lets the data reveal the timing and shape of any structural change through a flexible trigonometric approximation, while retaining the cross-sectional and time-series structure of panel data.