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| Teori Kekangan (TOC)× | Pemetaan Rantaian Nilai (VSM)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Pengurusan Kualiti | Pengurusan Kualiti |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1990 | 1999 |
| Pengasas≠ | Eliyahu Goldratt | Mike Rother & John Shook |
| Jenis≠ | Continuous improvement framework | Visual process analysis tool |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Goldratt, E. M. (1990). Theory of Constraints. North River Press. ISBN: 978-0-88427-166-6 | Rother, M., & Shook, J. (1999). Learning to See: Value Stream Mapping to Add Value and Eliminate Muda. Lean Enterprise Institute. ISBN: 978-0-9667843-0-5 |
| Alias | TOC, Constraint Management, Bottleneck Theory, Kısıtlar Teorisi | VSM, Material and Information Flow Mapping, Lean Flow Mapping, Değer Akış Haritalama |
| Berkaitan | 3 | 3 |
| Ringkasan≠ | The Theory of Constraints (TOC) is a management philosophy and continuous improvement framework introduced by Eliyahu Goldratt in his 1984 novel The Goal and formalized in his 1990 book. TOC holds that every system has at least one constraint — a bottleneck that limits the system's overall throughput — and that systematically identifying and addressing that constraint is the most effective lever for improving performance. It is widely applied in manufacturing, project management, supply chains, and service operations. | Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is a lean management technique used to visualize, analyze, and improve the flow of materials and information required to bring a product or service from raw input to customer delivery. Introduced by Mike Rother and John Shook in their 1999 workbook Learning to See, VSM draws on the Toyota Production System tradition to expose waste, delays, and non-value-adding activities across the entire production value stream. |
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