Bandingkan kaedah

	Model TGARCH (Threshold GARCH)	Model ARCH (Heteroskedastisitas Bersyarat Autoregresif)	Model EGARCH (Exponential GARCH)
Bidang	Ekonometrik	Ekonometrik	Ekonometrik
Keluarga	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
Tahun asal	1993-1994	1982	1991
Pengasas	Zakoian (1994); Glosten, Jagannathan & Runkle (1993)	Robert F. Engle	Daniel B. Nelson
Jenis	Asymmetric volatility model	Conditional volatility model	Volatility / conditional variance model
Sumber perintis	Zakoian, J.-M. (1994). Threshold heteroskedastic models. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 18(5), 931-955.	Engle, R. F. (1982). Autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity with estimates of the variance of United Kingdom inflation. Econometrica, 50(4), 987–1007.	Nelson, D. B. (1991). Conditional heteroskedasticity in asset returns: A new approach. Econometrica, 59(2), 347–370.
Alias	Threshold GARCH, TGARCH, GJR-GARCH, asymmetric GARCH	ARCH, autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity, Engle ARCH, conditional variance model	Exponential GARCH, EGARCH, Nelson EGARCH, log-GARCH
Berkaitan	6	6	6
Ringkasan	The Threshold GARCH (TGARCH) model extends the standard GARCH framework by allowing positive and negative return shocks to have asymmetric effects on conditional variance. Negative shocks — bad news — typically amplify volatility more than positive shocks of the same magnitude, a stylised fact known as the leverage effect. TGARCH captures this asymmetry through a threshold indicator that switches on when the previous period's shock was negative.	The ARCH model, introduced by Robert Engle in 1982, captures time-varying volatility in financial and macroeconomic time series. It models the conditional variance of today's error as a function of past squared errors, explaining why volatile periods cluster together — a phenomenon known as volatility clustering.	The Exponential GARCH (EGARCH) model, introduced by Nelson (1991), extends the standard GARCH framework by modelling the logarithm of conditional variance. This ensures variance is always positive without parameter constraints and, crucially, allows negative and positive shocks to have asymmetric effects on volatility — capturing the well-known leverage effect in financial markets.