Bandingkan kaedah

	Sistem Q	Penarafan Jisim Batuan (RMR)	Optimisasi Susun Atur Stope
Bidang	Kejuruteraan Perlombongan	Kejuruteraan Perlombongan	Kejuruteraan Perlombongan
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1974	1973	1960
Pengasas	Nick Barton (Norwegian Geotechnical Institute)	Zbigniew T. Bieniawski	Mining Engineering Practice
Jenis	Empirical index for tunnel support and stability prediction	Empirical classification for geotechnical engineering	Optimization framework for underground mine excavation design
Sumber perintis	Barton, N., Lien, R., & Lunde, J. (1974). Engineering classification of rock masses for the design of tunnel support. Rock Mechanics, 6(4), 189-236.	Bieniawski, Z. T. (1989). Engineering rock mass classifications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 978-0-471-60437-4	Brady, B. H. G., & Brown, E. T. (2004). Rock mechanics for underground mining. Springer Science+Business Media.
Alias	Q Index, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Classification, Barton System	RMR, Bieniawski Classification, RMR89	Stope Design, Underground Mine Layout, Panel Design
Berkaitan	3	3	3
Ringkasan	The Q-System (NGI Index), introduced by Nick Barton and colleagues at the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute in 1974, is an alternative rock mass classification to RMR. It combines six parameters into a dimensionless index Q ranging from 0.001 to 1000, where higher Q values indicate better rock quality. The Q-System is particularly valued for tunnel and underground excavation design due to its explicit consideration of joint roughness and groundwater effects.	The Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system, developed by Zbigniew Bieniawski starting in 1973, is an empirical classification that characterizes rock mass quality and estimates mining and civil engineering behavior. RMR combines five measurable geotechnical parameters into a single index ranging from 0 to 100, where higher values indicate stronger, more stable rock masses. It is the most widely used rock classification system worldwide for underground mining design.	Stope layout optimization is the process of designing the size, shape, and spatial arrangement of underground mine excavations (stopes) to maximize ore recovery while maintaining safety and economic viability. It balances the desire for large extraction volumes against rock mechanics constraints and support costs. The layout determines mining productivity, capital investment in support systems, and long-term mine life.