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| Sistem Q× | Penarafan Jisim Batuan (RMR)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Kejuruteraan Perlombongan | Kejuruteraan Perlombongan |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1974 | 1973 |
| Pengasas≠ | Nick Barton (Norwegian Geotechnical Institute) | Zbigniew T. Bieniawski |
| Jenis≠ | Empirical index for tunnel support and stability prediction | Empirical classification for geotechnical engineering |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Barton, N., Lien, R., & Lunde, J. (1974). Engineering classification of rock masses for the design of tunnel support. Rock Mechanics, 6(4), 189-236. DOI ↗ | Bieniawski, Z. T. (1989). Engineering rock mass classifications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 978-0-471-60437-4 |
| Alias | Q Index, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Classification, Barton System | RMR, Bieniawski Classification, RMR89 |
| Berkaitan | 3 | 3 |
| Ringkasan≠ | The Q-System (NGI Index), introduced by Nick Barton and colleagues at the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute in 1974, is an alternative rock mass classification to RMR. It combines six parameters into a dimensionless index Q ranging from 0.001 to 1000, where higher Q values indicate better rock quality. The Q-System is particularly valued for tunnel and underground excavation design due to its explicit consideration of joint roughness and groundwater effects. | The Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system, developed by Zbigniew Bieniawski starting in 1973, is an empirical classification that characterizes rock mass quality and estimates mining and civil engineering behavior. RMR combines five measurable geotechnical parameters into a single index ranging from 0 to 100, where higher values indicate stronger, more stable rock masses. It is the most widely used rock classification system worldwide for underground mining design. |
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