Bandingkan kaedah

	Model GARCH Fourier	Model TGARCH (Threshold GARCH)
Bidang	Ekonometrik	Ekonometrik
Keluarga	Regression model	Regression model
Tahun asal	2000–2012	1993-1994
Pengasas	Ludlow & Enders (2000); extended by Enders & Lee (2012) Fourier framework	Zakoian (1994); Glosten, Jagannathan & Runkle (1993)
Jenis	Volatility model	Asymmetric volatility model
Sumber perintis	Ludlow, J., & Enders, W. (2000). Estimating non-linear ARMA models using Fourier coefficients. International Journal of Forecasting, 16(3), 333–347.	Zakoian, J.-M. (1994). Threshold heteroskedastic models. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 18(5), 931-955.
Alias	Fourier GARCH, Fourier-flexible GARCH, GARCH with Fourier terms, smooth-break GARCH	Threshold GARCH, TGARCH, GJR-GARCH, asymmetric GARCH
Berkaitan	5	6
Ringkasan	The Fourier GARCH model embeds trigonometric Fourier terms into a standard GARCH framework to capture smooth, gradual shifts in the conditional variance process without requiring knowledge of exact structural break dates. By approximating unknown break patterns with sinusoidal functions, it jointly models volatility clustering and time-varying unconditional variance.	The Threshold GARCH (TGARCH) model extends the standard GARCH framework by allowing positive and negative return shocks to have asymmetric effects on conditional variance. Negative shocks — bad news — typically amplify volatility more than positive shocks of the same magnitude, a stylised fact known as the leverage effect. TGARCH captures this asymmetry through a threshold indicator that switches on when the previous period's shock was negative.