Bandingkan kaedah

	Ralat Piawai Driscoll-Kraay	Ujian CD Pesaran: Diagnostik Kebergantungan Rentas-Seksian untuk Data Panel
Bidang	Ekonometrik	Ekonometrik
Keluarga	Regression model	Hypothesis test
Tahun asal	1998	2021
Pengasas	John Driscoll & Aart Kraay	M. Hashem Pesaran
Jenis	Nonparametric heteroskedasticity- and autocorrelation-consistent (HAC) covariance estimator for panel data	Non-parametric diagnostic test
Sumber perintis	Driscoll, J. C., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549–560.	Pesaran, M. H. (2021). General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels. Empirical Economics, 60(1), 13–50.
Alias	DK Standard Errors, Driscoll-Kraay Covariance Estimator, Spatial-Temporal HAC Standard Errors, Driscoll-Kraay Standart Hatalar	CD Test, Cross-Sectional Dependence Test, Pesaran General CD Test, Kesitsel Bağımlılık Testi
Berkaitan	2	3
Ringkasan	Driscoll-Kraay standard errors provide a nonparametric, heteroskedasticity- and autocorrelation-consistent (HAC) covariance estimator for balanced and unbalanced panel datasets. Introduced by Driscoll and Kraay in 1998, the method corrects inference when residuals exhibit cross-sectional dependence, serial autocorrelation, and heteroskedasticity simultaneously—problems common in macroeconomic and international finance panels where units such as countries or industries share common shocks.	The Pesaran CD test is a general diagnostic procedure for detecting cross-sectional dependence in panel data models. Developed by M. Hashem Pesaran (2021), it is applicable to both balanced and unbalanced panels with large N and T, and retains validity under heterogeneous slope coefficients. The test is widely adopted in empirical economics, finance, and political economy as a prerequisite check before selecting appropriate estimators or unit-root tests for panel datasets.