Bandingkan kaedah

	Perbezaan dalam Perbezaan dalam Penyelidikan Pendidikan	Padanan Skor Kecenderungan
Bidang	Inferens Kausal	Statistik Penyelidikan
Keluarga	Regression model	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1990s–2000s	1983
Pengasas	Dynarski, Card, Angrist, and colleagues — applied in education economics from the 1990s onward	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
Jenis	Quasi-experimental causal inference	Method
Sumber perintis	Dynarski, S. M. (2003). Does Aid Matter? Measuring the Effect of Student Aid on College Attendance and Completion. American Economic Review, 93(1), 279-288.	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
Alias	DiD in education, education DiD, quasi-experimental education design, education policy DiD	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
Berkaitan	5	3
Ringkasan	Difference-in-Differences (DiD) in education research applies the classic quasi-experimental DiD estimator to evaluate education policies, programs, and reforms. Researchers compare changes in student, school, or district outcomes between a group exposed to an intervention and a comparable unexposed group across pre- and post-intervention periods, isolating policy effects from background trends.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.