Bandingkan kaedah

	Pemerhatian Bilik Darjah	Reka Bentuk Berteraskan Reka Bentuk (DBR)	Etnografi
Bidang	Kaedah Lapangan	Kaedah Lapangan	Kualitatif
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1960s (Flanders Interaction Analysis); refined through 1990s–2000s	1992	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
Pengasas	Ned Flanders (systematic interaction analysis); Robert Pianta et al. (CLASS system)	Ann L. Brown and Allan Collins (independently, 1992)	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
Jenis	Qualitative and quantitative observational research	Interventionist qualitative-quantitative mixed methodology	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
Sumber perintis	Flanders, N. A. (1970). Analyzing Teaching Behavior. Addison-Wesley.	Brown, A. L. (1992). Design experiments: Theoretical and methodological challenges in creating complex interventions in classroom settings. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 2(2), 141–178.	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
Alias	classroom observation research, structured classroom observation, instructional observation, lesson observation	DBR, design research, design experiment, educational design research	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
Berkaitan	6	6	5
Ringkasan	Classroom observation is a field research method in which a trained observer systematically watches, documents, and analyzes teaching and learning events as they occur in a real classroom setting. It can be structured (using a predefined coding instrument such as Flanders Interaction Analysis or CLASS), semi-structured, or open-ended (ethnographic notes), and is used across educational research, teacher professional development, school evaluation, and curriculum studies to generate ecologically valid evidence about instructional practice.	Design-based research (DBR) is an iterative, interventionist methodology that simultaneously designs educational interventions and builds theory about how and why those interventions work in authentic, complex settings. Originating in Ann Brown's 1992 classroom experiments and Allan Collins's parallel work, DBR treats the learning environment as both the object of study and the site of theory generation, cycling through design, enactment, analysis, and redesign until both practical improvement and theoretical insight are achieved.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.