Bandingkan kaedah

	Luas Permukaan BET	Serakan Cahaya Dinamik	Penapisan Rietveld XRD
Bidang	Sains Bahan	Sains Bahan	Sains Bahan
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1938	1964	1969
Pengasas	Brunauer, Emmett, Teller	Robert Pecora	Hugo Rietveld
Jenis	Measurement method	Measurement method	Refinement method
Sumber perintis	Brunauer, S., Emmett, P. H., & Teller, E. (1938). Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 60(2), 309-319.	Pecora, R. (1964). Spectral distribution of scattered light from a suspension of particles. Physica, 30(11), 2055-2070.	Rietveld, H. M. (1969). A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 2(2), 65-71.
Alias	BET analysis, nitrogen adsorption, surface area measurement	DLS, photon correlation spectroscopy, particle size measurement	Rietveld refinement, powder diffraction refinement
Berkaitan	3	3	3
Ringkasan	Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Surface Area Analysis is a technique for measuring the specific surface area of solids by analyzing their nitrogen adsorption isotherms. Developed by Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller in 1938, BET theory extends monolayer adsorption (Langmuir) to multilayer adsorption, enabling quantification of surface area of porous and powdered materials. It is the industry standard for characterizing catalysts, adsorbents, pharmaceuticals, and porous materials, providing critical data for performance prediction and quality control.	Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), also known as Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS), is an analytical technique for determining the size and size distribution of particles suspended in fluids by analyzing the time-dependent intensity fluctuations of scattered laser light. Developed by Robert Pecora in 1964, DLS exploits the Brownian motion of particles: smaller particles move faster, causing faster intensity fluctuations; larger particles move slower, causing slower fluctuations. By correlating intensity over time, particle size is deduced. DLS is rapid, non-destructive, and requires minimal sample volume, making it the standard technique for characterizing nanoparticles, proteins, colloids, and emulsions.	XRD Rietveld Refinement is a method for extracting detailed crystal structure information from powder diffraction data by comparing observed and calculated diffraction patterns through least-squares refinement. Developed by Hugo Rietveld in 1969, this technique enables determination of atomic positions, occupancies, thermal parameters, and phase fractions directly from powder data without requiring single crystals. It is the standard approach in materials characterization for structural analysis, phase identification, and quantification.