방법 비교

	삼각검증 조사	혼합 연구 방법론	준구조화 면담
분야	조사방법론	질적 방법	질적 방법
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	1978 (Denzin); widely operationalized in survey contexts from the 1990s onward	—	1946 (Merton & Kendall); codified as a standard method through the 1980s–1990s
창시자	Norman K. Denzin (triangulation concept); Alan Bryman (mixed-methods survey application)	—	Robert K. Merton and Patricia Kendall (focused interview, 1946); further systematised by Steinar Kvale
유형	Mixed-methods data collection design	Research design framework	Qualitative research method
원전	Denzin, N. K. (1978). The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.	Creswell, J.W. & Plano Clark, V.L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483344379	Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing (2nd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-0761925422
별칭	survey triangulation, multi-method survey, convergent survey design, cross-validated survey	Karma Yöntem Araştırması (Mixed Methods), multi-method research, triangulation design	guided interview, semi-standardized interview, focused interview, SSI
관련	5	4	6
요약	A Triangulated Survey deliberately combines a structured survey instrument with at least one additional data source — such as interviews, focus groups, observation, or a second survey — so that findings from each source can be cross-validated against the others. Rooted in Denzin's concept of methodological triangulation, the design strengthens credibility by checking whether independent lines of evidence converge on the same conclusions. It is especially common in applied social, educational, and health research.	Mixed methods research is a systematic research design in which quantitative and qualitative data are collected and analysed within a single study. Formalised by Creswell and Plano Clark (2003, 3rd ed. 2018), it offers three principal design variants — concurrent, sequential, and transformative — and strengthens findings through triangulation across both data strands.	The semi-structured interview is a qualitative data-collection method in which the researcher prepares a set of key questions or topic areas in advance but remains free to probe, follow up, and reorder as the conversation evolves. Unlike structured interviews — which fix every question and sequence — or unstructured interviews — which are entirely open — the semi-structured format balances comparability across participants with the flexibility needed to capture the depth and nuance of individual perspectives. It is the most widely used interview format in social science, health, and education research.