방법 비교

	변혁적 혼합 방법 설계	참여적 실행 연구 (PAR)
분야	연구설계	질적 방법
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	2003–2009	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s
창시자	Donna M. Mertens; John W. Creswell & Vicki L. Plano Clark	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte
유형	Mixed methods research design	Qualitative research method
원전	Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483344379	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.
별칭	transformative design, advocacy mixed methods, emancipatory mixed methods, social-justice mixed methods	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry
관련	6	6
요약	Transformative mixed methods design embeds a social-justice or advocacy theoretical framework — such as feminism, critical race theory, disability studies, or indigenous worldviews — as the overarching lens that guides every decision about data collection, integration, and use. Both quantitative and qualitative strands serve the goal of advancing equity, challenging power structures, and producing actionable knowledge for marginalized communities.	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.