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| 교통 흐름 (LWR 모델)× | MODFLOW 지하수 모델링× | Muskingum 기법× | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 분야 | 토목공학 | 토목공학 | 토목공학 |
| 계열 | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| 기원 연도≠ | 1955 | 1984 (original release); continuously updated through MODFLOW-6 (2017) | 1938 |
| 창시자≠ | M. J. Lighthill and G. B. Whitham | Michael G. McDonald and Arlen W. Harbaugh (U.S. Geological Survey) | George McCarthy |
| 유형≠ | Macroscopic traffic flow modeling using conservation laws | Numerical groundwater flow simulation | Hydrologic method for flood attenuation in rivers |
| 원전≠ | Lighthill, M. J., & Whitham, G. B. (1955). On kinematic waves I. Flow movement in long rivers. Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 229(1178), 281-316. DOI ↗ | Harbaugh, A. W. (2005). MODFLOW-2005, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model — the Ground-Water Flow Process. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A16. link ↗ | McCarthy, G. T. (1938). The Unit Hydrograph and Flood Routing. US Army Corps of Engineers Document 608. link ↗ |
| 별칭≠ | LWR model, Traffic wave, Kinematic wave theory | MODFLOW-2005, MODFLOW-6, modular groundwater flow model, USGS groundwater model | Flood routing, Stream flow attenuation, Hydrologic routing |
| 관련≠ | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 요약≠ | The Lighthill-Whitham-Richards (LWR) model is a macroscopic traffic flow model that treats traffic as a compressible fluid, applying conservation of vehicles and a flow-density relationship. Introduced independently by Lighthill and Whitham (1955) and Richards (1956), the model predicts traffic wave propagation, congestion formation, and bottleneck behavior on highways. | MODFLOW is the U.S. Geological Survey's open-source, modular finite-difference model for simulating three-dimensional groundwater flow through porous media. First released in 1984 and continuously updated — most recently as MODFLOW-6 — it is the global standard for quantitative hydrogeological analysis, widely used in civil engineering, environmental consulting, water-resource management, and groundwater contamination studies. | The Muskingum method is a hydrologic flood routing technique that predicts how a flood wave attenuates (reduces in peak) and spreads as it travels down a river reach. Developed by McCarthy in 1938 for the US Army Corps of Engineers, the method is simple enough for hand calculations while capturing the essential physics of flood propagation. |
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