방법 비교

	참여적 설명적 순차 혼합 방법	참여적 실행 연구 (PAR)
분야	연구설계	질적 방법
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	2000s-2010s	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s
창시자	Creswell & Plano Clark (explanatory sequential structure); Mertens (transformative/participatory lens)	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte
유형	Mixed methods research design	Qualitative research method
원전	Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications. ISBN: 978-1483344379	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.
별칭	participatory QUAN-to-QUAL design, community-based explanatory sequential design, transformative explanatory sequential mixed methods, participatory two-phase sequential design	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry
관련	5	6
요약	The participatory explanatory sequential mixed methods design combines the two-phase QUAN-to-QUAL structure of the explanatory sequential design with a participatory or transformative worldview. Community members and stakeholders are involved as collaborators — not merely subjects — across all stages, from formulating research questions to interpreting results. Quantitative data are collected and analyzed first; findings that need deeper explanation then drive a second, qualitative phase conducted with and by the community.	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.