방법 비교

	참여적 동시 내재 혼합 연구 설계	참여적 실행 연구 (PAR)
분야	연구설계	질적 방법
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	2000s–2010s	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s
창시자	Creswell & Plano Clark (embedded design); Mertens, Tashakkori & Teddlie (participatory frameworks)	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte
유형	Mixed methods research design	Qualitative research method
원전	Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications. ISBN: 978-1483344379	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.
별칭	participatory embedded concurrent design, action-research embedded mixed methods, PAR concurrent embedded design, community-based embedded mixed methods	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry
관련	4	6
요약	Participatory concurrent embedded mixed methods is a research design that combines a participatory or community-based action research framework with an embedded concurrent data structure — simultaneously collecting dominant and supplementary data strands from community stakeholders who are active co-investigators rather than passive subjects. The embedded strand (typically qualitative) is nested within the dominant strand (typically quantitative) and both are gathered at the same time while community members guide priorities, instruments, and meaning-making throughout.	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.