방법 비교

	참여적 동시 내재 혼합 연구 설계	액션 리서치
분야	연구설계	질적 연구
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	2000s–2010s	1946
창시자	Creswell & Plano Clark (embedded design); Mertens, Tashakkori & Teddlie (participatory frameworks)	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury
유형	Mixed methods research design	Method
원전	Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications. ISBN: 978-1483344379	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.
별칭	participatory embedded concurrent design, action-research embedded mixed methods, PAR concurrent embedded design, community-based embedded mixed methods	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry
관련	4	1
요약	Participatory concurrent embedded mixed methods is a research design that combines a participatory or community-based action research framework with an embedded concurrent data structure — simultaneously collecting dominant and supplementary data strands from community stakeholders who are active co-investigators rather than passive subjects. The embedded strand (typically qualitative) is nested within the dominant strand (typically quantitative) and both are gathered at the same time while community members guide priorities, instruments, and meaning-making throughout.	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.