방법 비교

	참여적 실행 연구 (PAR)	현상학
분야	질적 방법	질적 방법
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s	Early 20th century (Husserl ~1900–1913; Heidegger ~1927)
창시자	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte	Edmund Husserl (transcendental); Martin Heidegger (hermeneutic)
유형	Qualitative research method	Qualitative research approach
원전	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.	Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological Research Methods. Sage. ISBN: 978-0803957466
별칭	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry	Fenomenoloji, phenomenological inquiry, phenomenological analysis
관련	6	6
요약	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.	Phenomenology is a qualitative research approach that investigates how participants live through and make sense of a specific experience. Rooted in the philosophy of Edmund Husserl and extended by Martin Heidegger, it aims to reveal the essential structures of lived experience rather than to measure or predict outcomes. The two most widely applied variants are Husserl's transcendental phenomenology, which seeks universal essences, and Heidegger's hermeneutic phenomenology, which emphasises interpretation within context.