방법 비교

	비참여자 관찰	현장 기록
분야	조사방법론	조사방법론
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	Formalized mid-20th century (Gold 1958); practice dates to late 19th-century social surveys	Late 19th century (formalized in 20th century)
창시자	Raymond Gold (role typology); earlier roots in social survey movement and Chicago School sociology	Rooted in 19th-century anthropology and sociology; systematized by ethnographers such as Bronislaw Malinowski and later Robert Emerson et al.
유형	Qualitative / quantitative observational data collection	Qualitative data collection and recording technique
원전	Gold, R. L. (1958). Roles in sociological field observations. Social Forces, 36(3), 217–223.	Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226206813
별칭	detached observation, systematic observation, structured field observation, external observation	fieldnotes, observational notes, ethnographic notes, jottings
관련	5	6
요약	Non-participant observation is a data-collection method in which the researcher observes behavior, interactions, or events in a natural or structured setting without joining or influencing the activity under study. The observer maintains a deliberate distance from participants to minimize their own effect on the phenomena being recorded, producing field notes, behavioral tallies, or recordings that reflect naturally occurring behavior rather than behavior shaped by researcher involvement.	Field notes are detailed written records created by researchers during or immediately after direct observation in a naturalistic setting. They capture what is seen, heard, and experienced — including behaviors, interactions, physical environments, and the researcher's own analytic impressions — forming the primary data source for ethnographic and observational studies.