방법 비교

	Migration Aspirations-Capabilities Survey	Push-Pull Factor Analysis
분야	Migration Studies	Migration Studies
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	2002	1966
창시자	Jorgen Carling; Hein de Haas	Everett S. Lee
유형	Survey-measurement pipeline for migration aspiration and ability	Conceptual decomposition framework for migration determinants
원전	de Haas, H. (2021). A Theory of Migration: The Aspirations-Capabilities Framework. Comparative Migration Studies, 9, 8.	Lee, E. S. (1966). A Theory of Migration. Demography, 3(1), 47-57.
별칭	Aspiration-Ability Migration Survey, Aspiration-Capability Framework Measurement, Involuntary Immobility Survey, Migration Aspiration and Ability Typology	Push and Pull Framework, Lee's Migration Framework, Origin-Destination Factor Analysis, Plus-Minus Factor Model of Migration
관련	3	3
요약	The migration aspirations-capabilities survey measures two distinct things that migration research had long run together: whether a person wants to migrate and whether they are able to. Jorgen Carling's 2002 study of Cape Verde introduced the crucial insight that wanting to leave and being able to leave are separate, and that their mismatch produces 'involuntary immobility' — the large and often overlooked population that aspires to move but cannot. Hein de Haas's 2021 aspirations-capabilities framework generalized this into a broad theory of migration grounded in Amartya Sen's idea of capabilities as substantive freedoms. The measurement strategy asks respondents about their aspiration to migrate and, separately, their perceived capability to do so, then cross-classifies the two into a two-by-two typology: voluntary mobility, involuntary immobility, voluntary immobility, and acquiescent or trapped immobility. This simple cross-tabulation reframes migration as one outcome of the interaction between freedom and constraint, putting non-migration and trapped populations on the analytic map alongside actual movers. The survey thereby measures not just who moves but who wishes to and the gap between desire and possibility.	Push-pull factor analysis is the framework, formalized by Everett Lee in his 1966 article 'A Theory of Migration,' that decomposes every migration decision into four classes of force: factors at the area of origin that repel, factors at the area of destination that attract, a set of intervening obstacles between the two, and personal factors specific to the migrant. Lee argued that each place carries a mix of pluses, minuses, and zeros whose valence differs from person to person, and that migration occurs when the net balance of these forces, discounted by the obstacles and filtered by individual circumstance, favors moving. The framework's enduring appeal is that it organizes the bewildering variety of migration causes into a single comparative logic of origin versus destination. Massey and colleagues' 1993 review placed push-pull within the broader landscape of migration theory, noting both its descriptive power and its lack of a deeper behavioral mechanism. In empirical practice the framework is operationalized by comparing measurable attributes of origin and destination areas and relating their differentials to observed flows. It remains the default conceptual scaffolding for organizing migration determinants in policy and applied research.