방법 비교

	기계 학습 증강 반사실적 영향 평가	성향 점수 매칭
분야	인과추론	연구 통계
계열	Regression model	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	2016-2019	1983
창시자	Chernozhukov et al.; Athey & Imbens	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
유형	Causal inference / ML-augmented evaluation	Method
원전	Chernozhukov, V., Chetverikov, D., Demirer, M., Duflo, E., Hansen, C., Newey, W., & Robins, J. (2018). Double/debiased machine learning for treatment and structural parameters. The Econometrics Journal, 21(1), C1-C68.	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
별칭	ML-augmented counterfactual evaluation, ML-CIE, causal ML impact evaluation, double ML counterfactual evaluation	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
관련	5	3
요약	Machine learning-augmented counterfactual impact evaluation combines the credibility of potential-outcomes causal inference with the flexibility of modern ML algorithms. Rather than imposing parametric functional forms for confounders, ML learners — such as lasso, random forests, or neural nets — estimate nuisance functions (propensity scores, outcome regressions) that are then used to construct approximately unbiased estimates of causal effects. The canonical instantiation is Double/Debiased Machine Learning (DML), formalized by Chernozhukov et al. (2018).	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.