방법 비교

	종단적 인과-비교 연구	종단 연구
분야	연구설계	연구설계
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	1970s–1980s (as an established combined design in educational and social research)	Late 19th–early 20th century; methodologically codified through the 20th century
창시자	Synthesized from causal-comparative tradition (Kerlinger, 1973) and longitudinal design frameworks (Goldstein, 1979)	No single originator; foundational methodological treatments by Stuart Menard and Judith Singer & John Willett
유형	Non-experimental quantitative research design	Quantitative (or mixed) observational research design
원전	Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2009). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0073525532	Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922841
별칭	longitudinal ex post facto design, longitudinal causal-comparative design, repeated-measures causal-comparative research, prospective causal-comparative study	longitudinal study, longitudinal design, prospective longitudinal study, repeated-measures observational study
관련	4	4
요약	Longitudinal causal-comparative research is a non-experimental quantitative design that compares pre-existing groups on one or more dependent variables across multiple measurement points over time. Unlike true experiments, the researcher does not manipulate the independent variable; instead, naturally occurring group differences (e.g., gender, socioeconomic status, diagnostic category) are examined to explore their relationship to outcomes as they evolve longitudinally.	Longitudinal research is an observational design in which the same participants, groups, or units are measured repeatedly over an extended period. Rather than capturing a single snapshot, it tracks change, stability, and temporal sequencing of variables — making it the primary non-experimental strategy for studying development, growth, decline, and the unfolding of causal processes across time.