방법 비교

	Levene 및 Brown-Forsythe 등분산 검정	Mann-Whitney U 검정	순열 (무작위화) 검정
분야	통계학	통계학	통계학
계열	Regression model	Hypothesis test	Regression model
기원 연도	1960	1947	2005
창시자	Howard Levene; Morton B. Brown and Alan B. Forsythe	H. B. Mann & D. R. Whitney	Good (2005); Edgington & Onghena (2007); resampling tradition
유형	Homogeneity of variance test (robust)	Nonparametric two-group comparison	Nonparametric resampling test
원전	Levene, H. (1960). Robust Tests for Equality of Variances. In Contributions to Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of Harold Hotelling. Stanford University Press.	Mann, H. B. & Whitney, D. R. (1947). On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 18(1), 50–60.	Good, P. (2005). Permutation, Parametric and Bootstrap Tests of Hypotheses (3rd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-0387202792
별칭	Levene test, Brown-Forsythe test, homogeneity of variance test, Levene ve Brown-Forsythe Varyans Testi	Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Mann-Whitney U Testi	randomization test, exact permutation test, re-randomization test, Permütasyon Testi
관련	5	4	5
요약	The Levene and Brown-Forsythe test checks whether two or more groups share the same variance (homogeneity of variance). Levene (1960) built the test on absolute deviations from each group mean, and Brown and Forsythe (1974) made it robust to non-normal data by centring on the group median instead.	The Mann-Whitney U test is the nonparametric alternative to the independent samples t-test, comparing two independent groups by ranking all observations together rather than relying on their means. It was introduced by H. B. Mann and D. R. Whitney in 1947 and does not require the data to be normally distributed.	The permutation test is a nonparametric resampling procedure that builds the sampling distribution of a test statistic directly from the data by repeatedly shuffling the group labels. Developed in the resampling tradition and treated systematically by Good (2005) and Edgington & Onghena (2007), it requires no parametric distributional assumption and yields an exact p-value.