방법 비교

	계층적 기술 연구	비교 기술 연구
분야	연구설계	연구설계
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	1980s–1990s (multilevel descriptive formalization)	Mid-20th century, formalized in research methods texts from the 1960s onward
창시자	Formalized within survey and educational research traditions; associated with Hox, Raudenbush, Bryk, and Creswell	Codified in educational and behavioral research methods literature; no single originator
유형	Quantitative observational/descriptive design	Non-experimental quantitative research design
원전	Hox, J. J. (2010). Multilevel Analysis: Techniques and Applications (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1848728455	Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0078097874
별칭	multilevel descriptive design, nested descriptive study, hierarchical survey design, stratified descriptive research	comparative survey design, descriptive comparative study, group-comparison descriptive research, CDR
관련	4	3
요약	Hierarchical descriptive research is an observational design that documents the current state of a phenomenon across two or more nested levels — for example, students within classrooms within schools, or employees within teams within organizations. Rather than testing hypotheses or explaining causation, it describes distributions, frequencies, and relationships at each level, making explicit the structured, layered nature of the population being studied.	Comparative descriptive research is a non-experimental quantitative design that systematically documents characteristics, attitudes, behaviors, or conditions across two or more naturally occurring groups, then places those descriptions side by side to identify similarities and differences. Unlike causal-comparative designs, it makes no claim about why groups differ — it rigorously answers the question 'How do these groups compare on this characteristic?' without manipulating any variable.