방법 비교

	Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A)	우울 불안 스트레스 척도-21 (DASS-21)	긍정 및 부정 정서 척도 (PANAS)
분야	임상심리학	임상심리학	임상심리학
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	1959	1995	1988
창시자	Max Hamilton	Stephen H. Lovibond and Peter F. Lovibond	David Watson, Lee Anna Clark, and Auke Tellegen
유형	Clinician-administered anxiety assessment	Three-dimensional mental health screening	Mood and affect self-assessment
원전	Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32(1), 50-55.	Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Psychology Foundation of Australia.	Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
별칭	HAM-A, HARS	DASS-21, DASS, DASS-42	PANAS, PANAS-X
관련	5	5	5
요약	The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a clinician-administered assessment tool for quantifying the severity of anxiety symptoms in adults. Developed by Max Hamilton in 1959, it remains one of the most widely used instruments for evaluating anxiety in clinical and research settings. The scale measures both psychological and somatic manifestations of anxiety across 14 items.	The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) is a 21-item self-report instrument measuring three correlated but distinct dimensions of psychological distress: depression, anxiety, and stress. Developed by Lovibond and Lovibond in 1995, the DASS-21 is a short form of the original 42-item DASS. It has become widely used in research and clinical settings for its brevity, multidimensional structure, and strong psychometric properties.	The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a brief, efficient self-report measure of mood and emotional affect. Developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen in 1988, it assesses two independent dimensions: positive affect (enthusiasm, attentiveness, interest) and negative affect (distress, anxiety, anger). The 20-item standard version is one of the most widely used instruments for measuring emotion in research and clinical contexts.