방법 비교

	Formative Assessment	Learning Progressions Analysis
분야	Education	Education
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	1998	2009
창시자	Scriven (term); Bloom; Black & Wiliam (modern synthesis)	Science and mathematics education research (Corcoran, Mosher, Rogat; Wilson; Clements & Sarama)
유형	Instructional process using evidence of learning to adapt teaching and feedback	Empirically grounded ordered description of how understanding develops over time
원전	Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (1998). Assessment and classroom learning. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 5(1), 7–74.	Corcoran, T., Mosher, F. A., & Rogat, A. (2009). Learning Progressions in Science: An Evidence-Based Approach to Reform (CPRE Research Report RR-63). Consortium for Policy Research in Education.
별칭	Assessment for Learning, Classroom Formative Assessment, Feedback-Based Assessment, Embedded Formative Assessment	Learning Trajectories, Progress Variables, Learning Progression Validation, Construct Maps
관련	4	4
요약	Formative assessment, or assessment for learning, is the practice of gathering evidence of student understanding during instruction and using it immediately to adjust teaching and to give feedback that moves learning forward. Unlike summative assessment, which measures learning after the fact for grading or accountability, formative assessment is woven into the teaching cycle. Synthesized influentially by Black and Wiliam, it is defined not by the type of instrument but by whether the resulting evidence actually changes subsequent instruction and learning.	Learning progressions analysis is a methodology for describing and validating the typical paths by which students' understanding of a core concept grows more sophisticated over time. A learning progression hypothesizes an ordered sequence of increasingly advanced ways of thinking — from naive ideas to expert understanding — and then tests that ordering against evidence of how students actually reason. Prominent in science and mathematics education, it links a theory of the domain, the design of assessment tasks, and a measurement model into a coherent description of conceptual development.