방법 비교

	내재된 변혁적 혼합 방법	참여적 실행 연구 (PAR)
분야	연구설계	질적 방법
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	2003–2010	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s
창시자	John W. Creswell & Vicki L. Plano Clark (embedded design); Donna M. Mertens (transformative framework)	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte
유형	Mixed methods research design	Qualitative research method
원전	Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications. ISBN: 978-1483344379	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.
별칭	transformative embedded design, embedded mixed methods with transformative framework, transformative nested mixed methods	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry
관련	2	6
요약	Embedded transformative mixed methods is a research design that nests one type of data (quantitative or qualitative) inside a dominant dataset of the other type, with both strands guided by an overarching transformative framework — such as feminist, disability rights, or social justice theory. The design serves research questions where statistical breadth and in-depth qualitative insight must both speak directly to equity, empowerment, or systemic change goals.	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.