방법 비교

	역학 연구 센터 우울증 척도 (CES-D)	우울 불안 스트레스 척도-21 (DASS-21)	병원 불안 및 우울 척도 (HADS)
분야	임상심리학	임상심리학	임상심리학
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	1977	1995	1983
창시자	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	Stephen H. Lovibond and Peter F. Lovibond	Andrew S. Zigmond and Richard P. Snaith
유형	Community-based depression assessment	Three-dimensional mental health screening	Anxiety and depression screening in medical populations
원전	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Psychology Foundation of Australia.	Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370.
별칭	CES-D, CESD	DASS-21, DASS, DASS-42	HADS, HADS-A, HADS-D
관련	5	5	4
요약	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) is a 21-item self-report instrument measuring three correlated but distinct dimensions of psychological distress: depression, anxiety, and stress. Developed by Lovibond and Lovibond in 1995, the DASS-21 is a short form of the original 42-item DASS. It has become widely used in research and clinical settings for its brevity, multidimensional structure, and strong psychometric properties.	The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a 14-item self-report instrument measuring anxiety and depression symptoms in medically ill populations. Developed by Zigmond and Snaith in 1983, the HADS was specifically designed for hospital and general medical settings where somatic symptoms of medical illness may confound assessment. It remains the standard anxiety-depression measure in medical, oncology, and cardiac populations worldwide.