방법 비교

	CASP-19 Quality of Life Scale	Successful Aging Operationalization
분야	Social Gerontology	Social Gerontology
계열	Latent structure	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	2003	1997
창시자	Martin Hyde, Richard D. Wiggins, Paul Higgs & David B. Blane	John W. Rowe and Robert L. Kahn (MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Aging)
유형	Multidimensional self-report quality of life scale for early old age	Operational framework for defining and classifying successful aging
원전	Hyde, M., Wiggins, R. D., Higgs, P., & Blane, D. B. (2003). A measure of quality of life in early old age: the theory, development and properties of a needs satisfaction model (CASP-19). Aging & Mental Health, 7(3), 186-194.	Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1997). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 37(4), 433-440.
별칭	CASP-19, Control Autonomy Self-realization Pleasure Scale, Needs Satisfaction Quality of Life Measure, CASP Scale	Rowe-Kahn Successful Aging Model, Successful Aging Criteria, MacArthur Successful Aging Framework, Three-Component Successful Aging
관련	3	4
요약	The CASP-19 is a 19-item self-report measure of quality of life designed specifically for people in early old age, grounded in a theory of human need rather than in health or functional status. Developed by Martin Hyde, Richard Wiggins, Paul Higgs, and David Blane in 2003, it conceptualizes later-life quality of life as the degree to which four basic needs are satisfied: Control, Autonomy, Self-realization, and Pleasure, giving the scale its acronym. Each item is rated on a four-point Likert scale describing how often a statement applies, and the items are summed into four domain subscales and an overall score. The instrument was built explicitly to separate quality of life as an outcome from its causes such as health, income, and social circumstances, so that those determinants could be studied as predictors. Because it taps satisfaction of needs rather than the presence of disease or disability, CASP-19 captures the positive, agentic dimensions of ageing well. It has become a standard quality of life outcome in major ageing cohort studies and a benchmark against which newer older-adult measures are compared.	The Rowe-Kahn model operationalizes successful aging as a positive, multidimensional state rather than the mere absence of decline. In their landmark 1997 Gerontologist paper, John Rowe and Robert Kahn argued that gerontology had overemphasized average or 'usual' aging and neglected those who age well, and they proposed a concrete three-part definition. An individual is aging successfully when they simultaneously meet three criteria: low probability of disease and disease-related disability, high cognitive and physical functional capacity, and active engagement with life through productive activity and interpersonal relationships. Crucially, the model treats these as a hierarchy that must be met jointly, so success is defined by the conjunction of all three components rather than excellence on any one. The framework drew on the MacArthur Foundation Research Network's longitudinal studies and reframed aging as something partly within individual and societal control. It became one of the most cited and most debated organizing frameworks in social gerontology, spawning both widespread application and vigorous critique. Its enduring contribution is a clear, testable template for what 'good' aging means and how to classify it.