방법 비교

	사례-대조 연구	중첩 환자-대조군 연구
분야	역학	역학
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	1950s (formal methodology); precursors in the 1920s	1973–1977
창시자	Janet Lane-Claypon (early precursors, 1926); formalized by Brian MacMahon and Jerome Cornfield in the 1950s–1960s	Nathan Mantel (1973); D. C. Thomas (1977 formalization)
유형	Observational analytic study design	Hybrid observational study design
원전	Schlesselman, J.J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195027860	Thomas, D. C. (1977). Addendum to: Methods of cohort analysis: Appraisal by application to asbestos mining. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 140(4), 469–491.
별칭	case-referent study, case-control design, retrospective case-control, case-control analysis	NCC study, nested CC design, case-control within cohort, density sampling case-control
관련	6	6
요약	A case-control study is a retrospective observational design in which individuals who have developed a disease or outcome of interest (cases) are compared with individuals who have not (controls) to determine whether prior exposure to a putative risk factor differs between the two groups. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio, which approximates the relative risk when the outcome is rare. Case-control studies are especially efficient for investigating rare diseases and generating etiological hypotheses.	A nested case-control study is an efficient observational design embedded within a defined cohort. For each participant who develops the outcome of interest (a case), a small number of matched controls are sampled from those still at risk at the same point in time. This density-sampling strategy yields odds ratios that approximate incidence-rate ratios from the full cohort at a fraction of the data-collection cost — making it the preferred alternative when measuring exposures for all cohort members would be prohibitively expensive or technically demanding.