방법 비교

	BERT 미세 조정	GPT 파인튜닝	LoRA 및 PEFT	랜덤 포레스트	Vision Transformer
분야	딥러닝	딥러닝	딥러닝	머신러닝	딥러닝
계열	Machine learning	Machine learning	Machine learning	Machine learning	Machine learning
기원 연도	2019	2019	2022	2001	2021
창시자	Devlin, J. et al.	Radford, A. et al. (OpenAI)	Hu, E. J. et al.; Lester, B. et al.	Breiman, L.	Dosovitskiy, A. et al.
유형	Transfer learning (fine-tuning a pre-trained transformer)	Fine-tuning of pretrained autoregressive language models	Parameter-efficient fine-tuning of large pretrained models	Ensemble (bagging of decision trees)	Transformer architecture for images (self-attention over patches)
원전	Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K. & Toutanova, K. (2019). BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. NAACL.	Radford, A., Wu, J., Child, R., Luan, D., Amodei, D. & Sutskever, I. (2019). Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners. OpenAI Technical Report.	Hu, E. J. et al. (2022). LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models. ICLR.	Breiman, L. (2001). Random Forests. Machine Learning, 45, 5–32.	Dosovitskiy, A. et al. (2021). An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale. ICLR.
별칭	BERT İnce Ayar (Fine-Tuning), BERT ince ayar, fine-tuning BERT, transfer learning with BERT	GPT İnce Ayar ve Talimat Uyarlaması, GPT fine-tuning, instruction tuning, LLM fine-tuning	LoRA ve PEFT — Parametre Verimli İnce Ayar, Low-Rank Adaptation, parameter-efficient fine-tuning, prefix tuning	Rastgele Orman (Random Forest), rastgele orman, random decision forest, bagged tree ensemble	Görsel Transformer (ViT), görsel transformer, ViT, patch transformer for images
관련	5	5	5	4	5
요약	BERT fine-tuning, building on the BERT model introduced by Devlin and colleagues in 2019, re-trains a pre-trained BERT model on a small labelled dataset for a target task such as classification, named-entity recognition, or question answering. Through transfer learning it reaches high performance even with relatively little task-specific data.	GPT fine-tuning adapts pretrained autoregressive language models such as GPT-2/3/4 or LLaMA — introduced in OpenAI's 2019 work by Radford and colleagues — to domain-specific data or to instruction following via reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) or DPO. It is used for instruction following, domain adaptation, and generative tasks.	LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation), introduced by Hu et al. in 2022, and the broader family of parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods adapt large pretrained language models to new tasks by training only a small number of extra parameters instead of every weight in the model. This makes fine-tuning possible with far less GPU memory and compute while leaving the original model largely untouched.	Random Forest is an ensemble learning method, introduced by Leo Breiman in 2001, that grows many decision trees on bootstrap samples of the data and combines their votes to produce strong classification and regression. By pooling many slightly different trees, it produces more accurate and more stable predictions than any single tree.	The Vision Transformer (ViT), introduced by Dosovitskiy and colleagues in 2021, splits an image into fixed-size patches, treats those patches as a sequence, and applies the Transformer self-attention mechanism to image classification. Given enough training data, it surpasses convolutional neural networks (CNNs).