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	ゼーマン・ドップラーイメージング	アストロ・セレオロジー（恒星地震学）	回転曲線解析
分野	天文学	天文学	天文学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1997	1970	1970
提唱者	Jean-Francois Donati	Roger Ulrich	Vera Rubin
種類	Observational spectroscopic method	Observational technique	Observational kinematic method
原典	Donati, J. F., Semel, M., Carter, B. D., Rees, D. E., & Collier Cameron, A. (1997). Spectropolarimetric observations of active stars. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 291(4), 658-682.	Ulrich, R. K. (1970). The five-minute oscillations on the solar surface. Astrophysical Journal, 162, 993-999.	Vera C. Rubin & W. Kent Ford Jr. (1970). Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions. Astrophysical Journal, 159, 379-403.
別名	ZDI, Doppler Imaging, Magnetic Field Mapping	Stellar Oscillations, Stellar Seismology, Helioseismology	Galactic Rotation Curves, Rotation Curve Method, Velocity Curve Analysis
関連	3	3	3
概要	Zeeman-Doppler imaging is a technique for reconstructing stellar magnetic field maps by combining Doppler broadening of spectral lines with the Zeeman splitting caused by magnetic fields. Pioneered by Jean-Francois Donati in the 1990s, this method reveals how magnetic fields are distributed on stellar surfaces and how they evolve with time.	Asteroseismology is the study of stellar oscillations—tiny brightness and radial velocity variations caused by sound waves resonating inside stars. Proposed by Roger Ulrich in 1970 and established as a major field by the Kepler and TESS space telescopes, asteroseismology provides unprecedented precision in determining stellar masses, ages, and internal structure.	Galaxy rotation curve analysis is the technique of measuring how orbital velocities change with distance from the center of a galaxy. Pioneered by Vera Rubin and W. Kent Ford Jr. in 1970, rotation curves revealed one of astronomy's great mysteries: galaxies rotate too fast to be held together by their visible stars alone, providing direct evidence for dark matter.