手法を比較

	観光客ロイヤルティ尺度	Place Attachment Scale
分野	観光経営学	観光経営学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	2000	1992
提唱者	Oppermann, M.	Williams, D. R.; Vaske, J. J.
種類	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
原典	Oppermann, M. (2000). Tourism destination loyalty. Journal of Travel Research, 39(1), 78-84.	Williams, D. R., & Vaske, J. J. (1992). The measurement of place attachment: Valid and reliable instruments for natural environments. Society and Natural Resources, 15(3), 271-280.
別名	TLS, Destination Loyalty Scale	PAS, Destination Attachment Scale
関連	5	5
概要	The Tourist Loyalty Scale (TLS) measures the extent to which visitors intend to return to a destination and recommend it to others, reflecting behavioral commitment and preference relative to competing destinations. Developed by Oppermann (2000) and refined across multiple tourism contexts, the TLS captures the ultimate outcome of satisfaction and destination image—willingness to invest time and money in repeat visitation and endorsement. As the true measure of competitive advantage in tourism, loyalty drives revenue stability, positive reputation, and ecosystem resilience.	The Place Attachment Scale (PAS), developed by Williams & Vaske (1992) and refined by Jorgensen & Stedman (2001), measures individuals' emotional and functional bonds to destinations—the extent to which places become integral to identity and sense of belonging. Comprising dimensions of place identity (destination as self-definition), place dependence (destination optimizes one's activities), emotional bonds (love, comfort), and community belonging, the PAS distinguishes deep loyalty-drivers from transactional satisfaction. Essential for understanding repeat visitation, community tourism governance, heritage conservation, and destination branding strategies that cultivate belonging.