手法を比較

	制約理論（TOC）	Little's Law
分野	品質管理	オペレーションズ・リサーチ
系統	Process / pipeline	Regression model
提唱年	1990	1961
提唱者	Eliyahu Goldratt	John D. C. Little
種類	Continuous improvement framework	Exact queueing identity
原典	Goldratt, E. M. (1990). Theory of Constraints. North River Press. ISBN: 978-0-88427-166-6	Little, J. D. C. (1961). A proof for the queuing formula: L = λW. Operations Research, 9(3), 383–387.
別名	TOC, Constraint Management, Bottleneck Theory, Kısıtlar Teorisi	L = λW Theorem, Little's Theorem, Little's Result, Little Yasası
関連	3	3
概要	The Theory of Constraints (TOC) is a management philosophy and continuous improvement framework introduced by Eliyahu Goldratt in his 1984 novel The Goal and formalized in his 1990 book. TOC holds that every system has at least one constraint — a bottleneck that limits the system's overall throughput — and that systematically identifying and addressing that constraint is the most effective lever for improving performance. It is widely applied in manufacturing, project management, supply chains, and service operations.	Little's Law is a fundamental theorem in queueing theory that relates the long-run average number of items in a stable system (L) to the long-run average arrival rate (λ) and the long-run average time an item spends in the system (W), expressed as L = λW. Introduced and rigorously proved by John D. C. Little in 1961, the law holds for virtually any stable stochastic system, requiring no assumptions about arrival distributions, service distributions, or queue disciplines.