手法を比較

	前向きスクリーニング検査評価	診断精度の研究デザイン
分野	疫学	臨床研究
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1980s–2000s (STARD 2003, updated 2015)	2003-2015
提唱者	Formalized through diagnostic accuracy methodology (Sackett, Haynes, Tugwell; STARD initiative)	Bossuyt, Reitsma, and STARD group (2003); clinical epidemiology pioneers
種類	Prospective observational study design	Research Design
原典	Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., et al. (2015). STARD 2015: An Updated List of Essential Items for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. BMJ, 351, h5527.	Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P. P., Irwig, L. M., ... & de Vet, H. C. (2003). Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative. Annals of Internal Medicine, 138(1), 40–44.
別名	prospective diagnostic accuracy study, prospective test performance study, forward-looking screening validation, prospective DTA study	diagnostic accuracy study, test accuracy, STARD, diagnostic evaluation
関連	6	2
概要	A prospective screening test evaluation enrolls participants before the outcome is known, applies the screening test and the reference standard in temporal sequence, and measures how accurately the test identifies individuals with or without the target condition. This forward-looking design minimizes workup bias and spectrum bias, producing estimates of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values that are more generalizable to real clinical or public-health screening contexts than retrospective alternatives.	A diagnostic accuracy study evaluates how well a new diagnostic test (or biomarker, imaging modality, clinical assessment) detects the presence or absence of disease compared to a reference standard (gold standard). Standardized since 2003 by the STARD (Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) initiative, diagnostic accuracy studies are fundamental to clinical medicine, determining whether and how new tests can improve patient diagnosis and treatment.