手法を比較

	教育研究におけるプラセボテスト	合成コントロール法（SCM）
分野	因果推論	因果推論
系統	Regression model	Regression model
提唱年	1990s–2000s	2003–2010
提唱者	Widely adopted in applied econometrics and education research; codified by Imbens, Wooldridge, Lee, and Lemieux	Alberto Abadie & Javier Gardeazabal (2003); Abadie, Diamond & Hainmueller (2010)
種類	Falsification / robustness check	Quasi-experimental causal inference
原典	Imbens, G. W., & Wooldridge, J. M. (2009). Recent Developments in the Econometrics of Program Evaluation. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(1), 5-86.	Abadie, A., Diamond, A., & Hainmueller, J. (2010). Synthetic Control Methods for Comparative Case Studies: Estimating the Effect of California's Tobacco Control Program. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 105(490), 493-505.
別名	placebo regression, falsification test, placebo check, fake-treatment test	SCM, synthetic control, synth estimator, Abadie-Diamond-Hainmueller method
関連	4	4
概要	A placebo test is a falsification check used in quasi-experimental education research to validate a causal design. By applying the same estimator to a time period, group, or outcome where no real effect should exist, researchers verify that their identification strategy is not picking up spurious patterns. A statistically significant placebo estimate signals a flaw in the design, while a null result supports its credibility.	The Synthetic Control Method estimates the causal effect of a treatment or policy on a single treated unit by constructing a weighted combination of untreated units — the synthetic control — that closely resembles the treated unit before the intervention. The gap between the treated unit and its synthetic counterpart after the intervention is the estimated treatment effect.