手法を比較

	査読プロセス	論文撤回プロセス
分野	出版倫理	出版倫理
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1665	1948
提唱者	Scientific publishing community; formalized by journals and COPE	Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE); Retraction Watch initiative
種類	Process	Process
原典	Committee on Publication Ethics (2023). COPE Guidelines: Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers. COPE.	Committee on Publication Ethics (2019). Retraction Guidelines. COPE.
別名	Peer Reviewing, Manuscript Evaluation, Scholarly Review	Retraction Notice, Paper Retraction, Correction Notice
関連	4	4
概要	Peer review is the process by which manuscripts are evaluated by experts in the same field before publication in academic journals. Reviewers assess the manuscript's scientific merit, methodology, clarity, and contribution to the field. Established in 1665 with the first scientific journal (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society), peer review remains the gold standard for quality control in academic publishing. Despite ongoing criticism and proposals for alternatives, peer review continues to filter low-quality and unethical work, though it is imperfect and sometimes slow.	An article retraction is the invalidation of a published article due to serious flaws (data fraud, major methodological errors, ethical violations) that undermine its conclusions. Retractions are distinct from corrections (which address minor errors) and are initiated by authors, editors, or institutions when integrity is compromised. The first modern retraction was published in 1948. COPE published formal Retraction Guidelines in 2009 (updated 2019) that specify when retraction is appropriate, how it is conducted, and how retraction notices are recorded. Retracted articles remain in the literature with a visible 'RETRACTED' watermark, preserving the scientific record and warning readers.