手法を比較

	参与観察	文書分析
分野	質的研究	質的研究
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1922	1920
提唱者	Bronislaw Malinowski	Max Weber and Karl Mannheim
種類	Method	Method
原典	Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books. ISBN: 978-0465026432	Scott, J. (1990). A Matter of Record: Documentary Sources in Social Research. Polity Press. ISBN: 978-0745608419
別名	ethnographic observation, participatory observation, overt observation, immersive observation	documentary analysis, textual analysis, content analysis of documents, archival research
関連	4	4
概要	Participant observation is a qualitative research method in which the researcher embeds themselves within a community, organization, or social setting for an extended period, engaging in the activities and relationships of the group while systematically observing and documenting behavior, interactions, and cultural meaning. Pioneered by Malinowski in the 1920s and developed in anthropology, the method has been adopted across sociology, education, health sciences, and organizational research. The researcher functions as both insider (participating in group activities) and outsider (maintaining analytical distance), generating thick description—rich accounts of context, behavior, and meaning that reveal how people actually live and interact.	Document analysis is a systematic qualitative research method for examining written, visual, or audiovisual sources—such as policy documents, historical records, organizational records, media reports, emails, social media posts, photographs, or videos—to extract meaning, identify patterns, and understand social phenomena. Developed by Weber and Mannheim in early 20th-century sociology, the method bridges historical research, content analysis, and textual interpretation. Document analysis is used across disciplines to understand organizational change, policy evolution, media representation, historical events, and cultural meaning. Documents provide evidence of what organizations, institutions, or societies value, decide, and communicate, often revealing contradictions between policy and practice.