手法を比較

	部分評点モデル（PCM / GPCM）	項目応答理論における項目応答の不均衡分析 (DIF)
分野	心理測定学	心理測定学
系統	Latent structure	Latent structure
提唱年	1982	1988
提唱者	Geoff N. Masters (PCM, 1982); Eiji Muraki (GPCM, 1992)	Paul W. Holland & Dorothy T. Thayer (Mantel-Haenszel approach, 1988)
種類	Item Response Theory / Polytomous IRT	Item-level fairness / measurement equivalence analysis
原典	Masters, G. N. (1982). A Rasch model for partial credit scoring. Psychometrika, 47(2), 149–174.	Holland, P. W. & Thayer, D. T. (1988). Differential Item Performance and the Mantel-Haenszel Procedure. ETS Research Report Series.
別名	Kısmi Kredi Modeli (PCM / GPCM), Generalized Partial Credit Model, GPCM, PCM	Madde Yanlılık Analizi (DIF — Differential Item Functioning), item bias analysis, Mantel-Haenszel DIF, Lord chi-square DIF
関連	5	4
概要	The Partial Credit Model is an extension of the Rasch measurement framework designed for ordered polytomous items — items whose responses fall into more than two ordered categories, such as partial-credit tasks in performance assessment or open-ended scoring rubrics. Proposed by Geoff Masters in 1982 and later generalised by Eiji Muraki in 1992, the model estimates a separate threshold (step) parameter for each adjacent-category transition within every item, allowing fine-grained calibration of how much each additional credit level contributes to locating a person on the latent trait.	Differential Item Functioning analysis examines whether examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — who have the same underlying ability respond differently to a test item. First formalised by Holland and Thayer in 1988 via the Mantel-Haenszel procedure, it is the principal tool in modern test development for detecting and removing item bias.