手法を比較

	最小二乗法（OLS）	因果推論のための操作変数（IV）法
分野	統計学	医療経済学
系統	Regression model	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1805	1990s (modern applications)
提唱者	Adrien-Marie Legendre (1805); Carl Friedrich Gauss (1809)	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory
種類	Linear parameter estimation	Method
原典	Legendre, A.-M. (1805). Nouvelles méthodes pour la détermination des orbites des comètes. Firmin Didot, Paris. [Appendix: Sur la Méthode des moindres quarrés, pp. 72–80.]	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
別名	OLS, OLS regression, linear least squares, classical linear regression	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation
関連	8	3
概要	Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) is the canonical method for estimating the parameters of a linear regression model by minimizing the sum of squared differences between observed and predicted values. First published by Adrien-Marie Legendre in 1805 and independently developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss (who claimed priority from 1795), OLS is provably optimal under the Gauss-Markov theorem: given its assumptions, it yields the Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (BLUE) of the regression coefficients.	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.