手法を比較

	多施設共同第III相臨床試験	ベイズ的無作為化臨床試験
分野	疫学	疫学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1940s–1990s (formalized through ICH harmonization ~1990s)	1980s–2000s (formal methodology consolidated ~2004–2006)
提唱者	Codified through ICH E9 guideline (1998) and decades of regulatory practice (FDA, EMA)	Donald A. Berry and David J. Spiegelhalter (applied Bayesian inference formally to RCT design)
種類	Confirmatory interventional study design	Randomized experimental study with Bayesian inference
原典	Friedman, L. M., Furberg, C. D., DeMets, D. L., Reboussin, D. M., & Granger, C. B. (2015). Fundamentals of Clinical Trials (5th ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-3319185385	Spiegelhalter, D. J., Abrams, K. R., & Myles, J. P. (2004). Bayesian Approaches to Clinical Trials and Health-Care Evaluation. Wiley. ISBN: 978-0471499756
別名	Phase III multicenter RCT, confirmatory multicenter trial, Phase 3 multicenter study, pivotal multicenter trial	Bayesian RCT, Bayesian adaptive trial, Bayesian clinical trial design, BRCT
関連	6	5
概要	A multicenter Phase III clinical trial is the definitive confirmatory study that tests whether a new intervention produces a clinically meaningful benefit over a comparator in a large, representative patient population enrolled at two or more independent research sites. It is the primary evidence basis for regulatory approval by agencies such as the FDA and EMA, combining the statistical power of large samples with the external validity gained from geographic and demographic diversity across sites.	A Bayesian randomized clinical trial (Bayesian RCT) combines the rigour of random treatment allocation with Bayesian statistical inference, allowing researchers to incorporate prior evidence and update beliefs continuously as trial data accumulate. Unlike the classical frequentist RCT, it yields direct probability statements about treatment effects and supports pre-specified adaptive stopping rules based on posterior probabilities.