手法を比較

	マッチ化ランダム化比較試験	実用的ランダム化比較試験 ― 実臨床における有効性
分野	疫学	疫学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	Mid-20th century concept; methodological formalization circa 2000–2010	1967
提唱者	Developed formally in biostatistics literature; Greevy, Imai and colleagues advanced modern frameworks in the 2000s	Daniel Schwartz & Joseph Lellouch
種類	Experimental clinical study design	Interventional study design
原典	Imai, K., King, G., & Nall, C. (2009). The essential role of pair matching in cluster-randomized experiments, with application to the Mexican universal health insurance evaluation. Statistical Science, 24(1), 29–53.	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.
別名	matched RCT, matched-pair randomized trial, matched randomized controlled trial, covariate-matched RCT	pragmatic RCT, effectiveness trial, real-world RCT, practical clinical trial
関連	6	6
概要	A matched randomized clinical trial pairs participants (or clusters) on key baseline characteristics before randomization, then allocates one member of each pair to treatment and the other to control. This design combines the causal validity of randomization with the covariate balance of matching, increasing statistical efficiency and reducing confounding from known prognostic variables without sacrificing the internal validity of a controlled experiment.	A pragmatic randomized clinical trial (pragmatic RCT) is an interventional study that tests whether a treatment works under routine clinical conditions, as opposed to the tightly controlled setting of an explanatory trial. It prioritizes broad eligibility, flexible delivery, and patient-relevant outcomes to answer the question 'Does this treatment work in everyday practice?' rather than 'Can this treatment work under ideal circumstances?' The distinction between pragmatic and explanatory trials was formally articulated by Schwartz and Lellouch in 1967 and operationalized by the PRECIS tool in 2009.