手法を比較

	マッチ化ランダム化比較試験	Matched Case-Control Study
分野	疫学	疫学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	Mid-20th century concept; methodological formalization circa 2000–2010	1950s–1970s
提唱者	Developed formally in biostatistics literature; Greevy, Imai and colleagues advanced modern frameworks in the 2000s	Brian MacMahon and others; systematised by Schlesselman (1982)
種類	Experimental clinical study design	Observational analytic design
原典	Imai, K., King, G., & Nall, C. (2009). The essential role of pair matching in cluster-randomized experiments, with application to the Mexican universal health insurance evaluation. Statistical Science, 24(1), 29–53.	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755474
別名	matched RCT, matched-pair randomized trial, matched randomized controlled trial, covariate-matched RCT	matched case-referent study, individually matched case-control, pair-matched case-control, matched case-control design
関連	6	5
概要	A matched randomized clinical trial pairs participants (or clusters) on key baseline characteristics before randomization, then allocates one member of each pair to treatment and the other to control. This design combines the causal validity of randomization with the covariate balance of matching, increasing statistical efficiency and reducing confounding from known prognostic variables without sacrificing the internal validity of a controlled experiment.	A matched case-control study is an observational epidemiological design in which each case (a person with the disease or outcome of interest) is paired with one or more controls (persons without the outcome) who share one or more characteristics — such as age, sex, or clinical setting — to control confounding. Exposure history is then compared between cases and their matched controls to estimate the odds ratio of the exposure-disease association.