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| 階層記述的研究× | 層化抽出法× | |
|---|---|---|
| 分野≠ | 研究デザイン | 調査方法論 |
| 系統 | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| 提唱年≠ | 1980s–1990s (multilevel descriptive formalization) | 1977 |
| 提唱者≠ | Formalized within survey and educational research traditions; associated with Hox, Raudenbush, Bryk, and Creswell | William G. Cochran |
| 種類≠ | Quantitative observational/descriptive design | Probability-based survey sampling design |
| 原典≠ | Hox, J. J. (2010). Multilevel Analysis: Techniques and Applications (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1848728455 | Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling Techniques (3rd ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-0-471-16240-7 |
| 別名 | multilevel descriptive design, nested descriptive study, hierarchical survey design, stratified descriptive research | Proportional Stratified Sampling, Optimal Allocation Sampling, Stratum-Based Sampling, Tabakalı Örnekleme |
| 関連≠ | 4 | 2 |
| 概要≠ | Hierarchical descriptive research is an observational design that documents the current state of a phenomenon across two or more nested levels — for example, students within classrooms within schools, or employees within teams within organizations. Rather than testing hypotheses or explaining causation, it describes distributions, frequencies, and relationships at each level, making explicit the structured, layered nature of the population being studied. | Stratified sampling is a probability sampling design in which the target population is partitioned into non-overlapping, exhaustive subgroups called strata, and independent probability samples are drawn within each stratum. Formalized by William G. Cochran in Sampling Techniques (1977), the method exploits known population structure to reduce variance and guarantee representativeness of all major subgroups, making it a cornerstone of large-scale survey research and official statistics. |
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