手法を比較

	エスノグラフィー	混合研究法	参与観察
分野	質的手法	質的手法	質的研究
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	—	1922
提唱者	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	—	Bronislaw Malinowski
種類	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Research design framework	Method
原典	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Creswell, J.W. & Plano Clark, V.L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483344379	Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books. ISBN: 978-0465026432
別名	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	Karma Yöntem Araştırması (Mixed Methods), multi-method research, triangulation design	ethnographic observation, participatory observation, overt observation, immersive observation
関連	5	4	4
概要	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Mixed methods research is a systematic research design in which quantitative and qualitative data are collected and analysed within a single study. Formalised by Creswell and Plano Clark (2003, 3rd ed. 2018), it offers three principal design variants — concurrent, sequential, and transformative — and strengthens findings through triangulation across both data strands.	Participant observation is a qualitative research method in which the researcher embeds themselves within a community, organization, or social setting for an extended period, engaging in the activities and relationships of the group while systematically observing and documenting behavior, interactions, and cultural meaning. Pioneered by Malinowski in the 1920s and developed in anthropology, the method has been adopted across sociology, education, health sciences, and organizational research. The researcher functions as both insider (participating in group activities) and outsider (maintaining analytical distance), generating thick description—rich accounts of context, behavior, and meaning that reveal how people actually live and interact.