手法を比較

	項目応答理論における項目特性曲線（ICC）の差	多群同時確認的因子分析（MG-CFA）
分野	心理測定学	心理測定学
系統	Latent structure	Latent structure
提唱年	1970s–1993	1971
提唱者	William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer	Karl Jöreskog
種類	Item-level bias detection	Measurement model / invariance test
原典	Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589	Vandenberg, R. J. & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.
別名	DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias	MG-CFA, multi-group CFA, measurement invariance testing, multi-sample CFA
関連	5	6
概要	Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development.	Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis tests whether a measurement model holds equivalently across two or more groups — such as cultures, genders, or time points. By imposing increasingly stringent equality constraints and comparing model fit, it determines whether comparisons of latent mean scores are justified.