手法を比較

	データの捏造および改ざん	研究誠実性の原則
分野	研究倫理	研究倫理
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	2005	2007
提唱者	U.S. Office of Research Integrity; definitions in federal policy 42 CFR 93	Multiple (National Academies, NIH/ORI, ESOMAR, individual discipline standards)
種類	Standard	Framework
原典	U.S. Office of Research Integrity. (2005). Public Health Service Policy on Research Misconduct. 42 CFR Part 93. Definitions of fabrication and falsification.	National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). Fostering Integrity in Research. The National Academies Press.
別名	FFP Data Violations, Data Integrity Violations	Responsible Conduct of Research, RCR, Research Ethics Standards
関連	3	4
概要	Data fabrication and falsification are serious forms of research misconduct involving intentional misrepresentation of research data. Fabrication means inventing data that were never actually collected; falsification means altering authentic data to change the meaning. Both undermine scientific integrity, waste research resources, and can harm research subjects and the public. Federal policy (42 CFR Part 93) formally defines these violations; detection is improving through statistical analysis tools and data transparency practices; prevention requires robust data governance and culture of accountability.	Research integrity encompasses the ethical and professional standards that guide responsible conduct in all aspects of research—from study design and data collection through analysis, reporting, and publication. The core principles—honesty, transparency, accountability, respect, and stewardship—ensure that research is trustworthy, reproducible, and contributes legitimate knowledge. These principles are universal across disciplines and are enforced through institutional policies, professional standards, and regulatory oversight. Violations of research integrity undermine scientific credibility and can harm subjects, institutions, and public trust.